1. Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the identification and quantitative determination of the components of a substance. In this chapter, we focus on the qualitative analysis of certain metal ions (cations) and their identification using specific chemical reagents, primarily ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)….
1. Introduction to Chemical Bonding 🤝 A chemical bond is the force of attraction that holds atoms together to form molecules or ions. Atoms bond to achieve a stable electronic configuration, typically a complete outermost shell, like that of the noble gases (an octet of electrons, or a duet in the case of hydrogen and…
1. Introduction to the Periodic Table The Periodic Table is a tabular arrangement of all known chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic number, electronic configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The modern periodic table is an outcome of the early attempts by various scientists to classify elements. 2. The Modern Periodic Table The…
1. General Information and Introduction 2. Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia 3. The Fountain Experiment This is a classic experiment used to demonstrate two key properties of ammonia gas: 4. Industrial Manufacturing: The Haber Process The Haber process is the main industrial method for producing ammonia from its constituent elements. 5. Chemical Properties 6. Uses of…
1. Introduction to Electrolysis 2. Mechanism of Electrolysis 3. Selective Discharge of Ions When an electrolyte contains more than one type of cation or anion, the ion that is discharged at an electrode is determined by three factors: 4. Electrolysis of Specific Substances 5. Applications of Electrolysis 6. Electrorefining of Copper Electrorefining is a process…
1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry 2. Classification of Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are the parent organic compounds and are classified based on the types of bonds present between the carbon atoms. 3. Functional Groups A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determines the characteristic chemical properties of an organic compound. The hydrocarbon part…
1. General Information and Introduction 2. Laboratory Preparation Nitric acid is prepared in the lab by heating potassium nitrate (KNO3) or sodium nitrate (NaNO3) with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The reaction is carried out in an all-glass apparatus because the vapors of nitric acid are highly corrosive and would attack rubber or cork. KNO3+H2SO4<200°CKHSO4+HNO3 The…
1. General Information and Introduction 2. Industrial Manufacturing: The Contact Process The Contact Process is the main industrial method for producing sulfuric acid. It involves three key steps: 3. Chemical Properties As an Acid: As a Non-Volatile Acid: As an Oxidizing Agent: As a Dehydrating Agent: 4. Uses of Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric acid is often…
General Information and Introduction 2. Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Gas 3. The Fountain Experiment This is a classic experiment used to demonstrate two key properties of HCl gas: 4. Preparation of Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving HCl gas in water. A special funnel arrangement is used to prevent back-suction (water rushing…
Chapter: Acids, Bases, and Salts Introduction Acids, bases, and salts are fundamental concepts in chemistry that play crucial roles in various chemical reactions and our daily lives. Understanding their properties and reactions is essential for comprehending many natural and industrial processes. Acids Definition and Properties Types of Acids Bases Definition and Properties Types of Bases…
