Organic chemistry, the study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions, forms a crucial part of the Class 12 chemistry curriculum. Mastering the fundamental organic reactions is essential for understanding the synthesis, properties, and transformations of a vast array of molecules that are vital to life and various industries.
This overview will delve into some of the most significant and frequently encountered organic reactions that Class 12 students need to grasp. These reactions often serve as building blocks for more complex syntheses and are fundamental to understanding reaction mechanisms and product formation. By studying these important reactions, students will develop a strong foundation in organic chemistry, enabling them to tackle more advanced concepts and problem-solving in the subject.
1. Alkane and halogen:
Alkanes react with halogens in the presence of diffused sunlight to produce haloalkanes.
Example:
2. Alkene and hydrogen halide:
Alkenes react with hydrogen halides to produce haloalkanes following Markownikoff’s Rule.
Example:
In the presence of organic peroxides, HBr reacts with alkenes to form haloalkanes, but with an unexpected twist: the product formed is the anti-Markovnikov addition product, a phenomenon known as the Kharasch effect or peroxide effect.
3. Alcohols and PCl3, PCl5 and SOCl2:
Alcohols react with PCl5 or PCl3 to produce chloroalkanes.
Reaction with SOCl2 is preferred than other methods because the side products HCl and SO2 are gases and can easily escape leaving behind pure haloalkanes.
4. Finkelstein Reaction:
Bromo or chloro alkanes react with concentrated sodium iodide in acetone to produce iodo alkane. Sodium chloride or sodium bromide being insoluble in acetone, get precipitated from the solution and can be removed by filtration.
5. Swartz Reaction:
Preparation of Fluoride from bromide or chloride by using AsF3 , SbF3, CoF2, AgF, Hg2F2 etc. is called Swarts Reaction.
6. Hunsdiecker Reaction:
Bromine reacts with silver carboxylate in CCl4 to form bromo alkane.
